This is case study 1 on great Britain.
If you wish to proceed on reading Case study 2, go to the American dream.
Monday, November 15, 2010
Summary about Great Britain 19th century
The nineteenth century in England is primarily separated into two parts, which are called the Regency (1795-1837), and the Victorian period (1837-1901). Both periods reflected the extension of British imperial sovereignty and the projection of global imperial might on the seas and in the colonies. Both eras are characterised by their own distinct architectural, literary, fashion, political, and cultural trends.
The Regency era was a time of personal excess for king George the IV, and his aristocratic followers. Despite loosing a thirteen colonies in America, British colonial power had yet to reach its zenith. England waged war through much of the Regency against Napoleon’s France. Likewise, England experienced incredible growth of population throughout the country. Finally, English life was radically changed by countless changes brought about by the industrial revolution.
The Victorian era was the time of queen Victoria, the longest reigning monarch in English history. Again, England grew immensely, primarily due to the policy of Pax Britannica which was a period of unprecedented economic, colonial, and industrial consolidation. Government policies introduced countless political reforms to make people happy. However, the Victorian period is best remembered for its conservative, if not repressed view of culture. Style changed from classical to gothic, and more and more popular culture determined what it was to be British.
Nineteenth century England is best remembered of being a time of extreme contrast, major social change, and outright political reform. The continuity of the English monarchy ensured that England would grow and prosper. This is almost identical to the period known as Pax Romana in which Rome consolidated its imperial holdings from England to Egypt. The significance of this period is best reflected by comparison between the events that took place in continental Europe (revolutions of 1848), and in the former colonies in North America which is westward expansion and rise of Nationalism.
Tuesday, November 9, 2010
My Rubric
ELEMENT | Super smily 3 | Proficient 2 | satisfactory 1 | frown 0 | |
| Content and Creativity | |||||
| comprehensive insight, understanding, reflective thought about the topics. | moderate insight, understanding and reflective thought about the topic. | minimal insight, understanding and reflective thought about the topic. | no insight, understanding or reflective thought about the topic. | ____/3 | |
| Postings are creatively and fluently written | Postings are generally well written | Postings are brief and unimaginative, | Postings are written in a half-hearted, disjointed manner | ____/3 | |
| Voice | appealing and appropriate for the intended audience and a consistent voice throughout. | moderately appropriate for the intended audience and an attempt is made to use a consistent voice. | does not fully consider the audience, and the author’s voice is difficult to identify. | carelessly written with no attempt to consider the audience and no awareness of author voice. | ____/3 |
| word choice | reflects unique personality through expressive and carefully selected word choices that bring the topic to life. | reflects a bit of personality through word choices that attempt to bring the topic to life. | reflect almost no personality and little attempt is made to use effective word choices to bring the topic to life. | devoid of any personality; words used are trite and unexpressive. | ____/3 |
| Organization | Uses a consistent organizational structure that is easy to follow and places the most recent posts at the top of the page. | Uses a generally consistent organizational structure, with the most current posting listed at the top. | Uses a loosely defined organizational structure that shows minimal awareness of the need for consistency. | Fails to provide a consistent organizational structure and shows no awareness of the need for consistency. | ____/3 |
| Timeliness | Updates blog as often or more often than required; | Updates blog when required; most posts are date-stamped. | Updates blog when reminded; posts are often missing a date stamp. | Fails to update blog within the required time frame. | ____/3 |
| Mechanics | Writes with no errors in grammar, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling. | Writes with minor editing errors in grammar, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling. | Writes with major errors in grammar, capitalization, punctuation and spelling. (3 or more errors) | Writes with numerous major errors in grammar, capitalization, punctuation and spelling. (More than 5 errors) | ____/3 |
| Text Layout | Effectively uses the blog software’s text formatting capabilities to enhance the content’s visual appeal and increase readability. | Uses some of the blog software’s text formatting capabilities to enhance the content’s visual appeal and increase readability. | Uses very few of the blog software’s text formatting capabilities. | Uses none of the blog software’s text formatting capabilities. | ____/3 |
| Graphics and Multimedia | Selects and inserts high quality graphics and multimedia when appropriate to enhance and extend the content. | Selects and inserts graphics and multimedia that are mostly high quality and enhance and clarify the content. | Selects and inserts many low-quality graphics and multimedia which do not enhance the content. | Does not insert any graphics, or uses only low-quality graphics and multimedia, which do not enhance the content. | ____/3 |
| Acknowledges all image and multimedia sources with captions or annotations. | Acknowledges most image and multimedia sources with captions or annotations. | Acknowledges only a few multimedia and image sources and uses incomplete captions or annotations. | Fails to acknowledge any image or multimedia sources, either with a caption or an annotation. | ____/3 | |
| Comments and Contributions | Writes comments on other students’ blog postings that are consistently positive, respectful, and succinct while providing a meaningful addition to the discussion. | Writes comments on other students’ blog postings that are generally positive, respectful and add value to the discussion. | Writes comments on other students’ blog postings which often fail to show respect for other opinions. | Writes openly disrespectful and negative comments on other students’ blog postings. | ____/3 |
| Meets all goals and deadlines for posting comments on other students’ blogs. | Meets most goals and deadlines for posting comments on other students’ blogs. | Occasionally meets goals and deadlines for posting comments on other students’ blogs. | Does not meet goals and deadlines for posting comments on other students’ blogs. | ____/3 | |
TOTAL POINTS | ___/48 | ||||
Monday, November 8, 2010
Primary Source Evaluation 2 (Artifacts 11)
Primary source:
Chadwick's Report on Sanitary Conditions
http://www.victorianweb.org/history/chadwick2.html
Origin:
1) Who created it?
Edwin Chadwick (1800-1890), who had taken an active part in the reform of the Poor Law and in factory legislation before he became secretary to a commission investigating sanitary conditions and means of improving them. The Commission's report, of which the summary is given below, is the third of the great reports of this epoch.
2) Who is the author?
Edwin Chadwick (1800-1890), and Dr. Thomas Southwood Smith (1788-1861) is the author of this primary source.
3) When was it created?
This is a commission, so therefore the poor law (independent body, not related to the government, they didn’t have actual power, and everybody disliked them) commission created it.
4) When was it published?
It was published in 1842.
5) Where was it published?
It was published in London, England.
6) Who is publishing it?
The Boards of Guardians in the poor law commission is who published it.
7) Is there anything we know about the author that is pertinent to our evaluation?
Chadwick published this report at his own expense and time, as a result of his strenuous efforts to achieve public health reform, he was eventually knighted in 1889 by Queen Victoria. His work was recognized for being good for the common people.
Purpose:
1) Why does this document exist?
It exist to investigated sanitary condition and obtaining the means to improve them amongst the urban poor throughout England.
2) Why did the author create this piece of work? What is the intent?
The author created this work as public service, to raise awareness of poor public hygiene.
3) Why did the author choose this particular format?
It’s a formal report to the commission to indicate evidence that will support the claim that public health was deficient in maintaining good health.
4) Who is the intended audience? Who was the author thinking would receive this?
The author is aiming for 3 groups; first, the government; second, health professionals; third, benfactors, someone who will give money to support clean up corporations; and ultimately law makers, who could provide money to assist poor.
5) What does the document say?
In the beginning it describes general conditions of poor urban health. It describes the general environment that leads to contagion. It provides mortality figure amongst the populace, and the most vulnerable portion of the populace. Then it describes inadequate public services and utilities that lead to poor public health. Most of the description centres on water being, the primary source of epidemics. Finally, this report argues for immediate remedy of the urban environment related to poor practices of sanitation, and unsanitary habits by the general population.
6) Can it tell you more than is on the surface?
In the last paragraph, you can tell that the author really sees good public health as a matter of “morality and refinement”. This means that the author is making a strong case for class distinction based on habits of hygiene. It is obvious that Chadwick felt a patronizing attitude towards the people directly affected by his report.
Value:
1) What can you tell about the author from the piece?
We can tell that Chadwick is an upperclass individual, who is public spirited and charitable.
2) What can we tell about the time period from the piece?
The poor public health conditions described in the report directly mirror the rural to urban exodus described in artifact ten. Therefore, it is 19th century England. Also, it is clearly illuminates the great class distinctions of this period.
3) Under what circumstances was the piece created and how does the piece reflect those
circumstances?
The piece was created at Chadwick’s own expense, and therefore reflects the author’s subjective viewpoint that good public health is directly related to having money and class.
4) What can we tell about any controversies from the piece?
There are three controversies; first, who should take care of the urban poor? Second, who should decide what should be done? And third, does scientific fact support Chadwick’s assertions?
5) Does the author represent a particular ‘side’ of a controversy or event?
Yes, the author represents the position that the poor are partly to blame for their own circumstances and that it is only through the well-meaning intervention of commissions such as his that any progress will be made toward alleviating the poor health circumstances.
6) What can we tell about the author’s perspectives from the piece?
Chadwick is a social reformer and he thought that if public health can be improved, it would actually save money in the long run. Chadwick advocated paid public health officers and focused primarily on the economic facets of public health concerns.
7) What was going on in history at the time the piece was created and how does this piece
accurately reflect it?
This is about the rural to urban exodus, and directly related to one of the primary drawbacks which was overcrowding and waterborn disease. This piece speaks about both elements directly.
Limitations:
1) What part of the story can we NOT tell from this document?
What was the follow up? Did Chadwick’s suggestions ever got adopted? Also, did public health improve amongst the urban poor in England?
2) How could we verify the content of the piece?
Chadwick did direct observations amongst the urban poor, he was trying to assist. However, the limited technology available to him at the time of the writing led him to more opinion and less scientific empiricism.
3) Does this piece inaccurately reflect anything about the time period?
This piece did not inaccurately reflect anything about the time period. On the other hand, it blames the poor in part for their negative circumstances. It does not clearly define the government’s willingness or inability to provide basic health services to urban populations. (Edwin is part of the government)
4) What does the author leave out and why does he/she leave it out (if you know)?
Who is to blame? – this is absolutely missing, the reason is the government will not provide financial support.
5) What is purposely not addressed?
Where does the money come from? – very very typical. No one wants to take any responsibility. Morality will not solve the problem, it can only be solved through the application of scientific reason.
Reflection questions:
Reflection questions:
1) a. What main topic does the artifact relates to? In what way?
ans: Human health, the advancement of medicine. Chadwick's report is about health of the urban poor, and about the improvements that can be made.
b. Which other main topic does it also relate to?
ans: I think it also relates to class consciousness, because it discusses about the poor's situation specifically.
2) Why did you choose this artifact, and how much time did you spend creating and /or processing it?
ans: I chose this primary source because itis not too long and I'm interested in the topic. It took me about an hour to create it.
3) What insights and understanding have you gained from the creation and/or processing of this artifact?
ans: how bad the situation is at the time, and that how lousy the government can be. Stereotypical, and political.
4) Does this artifact reflect your best work and/or ideas? Why, or why not?
ans: I think it does reflect my best work and ideas because I read other related articles on this topic and tried to understand the contect of when the report is written in order to give an evaluation.
5) Rate this artifact on a scale of -5 to 5 (0 is neutral) for the following four criterion.
a. Impact on the quality of your portfolio. 4
b. Impact on your level of enjoyment and happiness. 5
c. Impact on your learning. 3
d. Level of creativity and Originality. 4
ans: 4
6) Any additional comments.
ans: no comment.
Chadwick's Report on Sanitary Conditions
http://www.victorianweb.org/history/chadwick2.html
Origin:
1) Who created it?
Edwin Chadwick (1800-1890), who had taken an active part in the reform of the Poor Law and in factory legislation before he became secretary to a commission investigating sanitary conditions and means of improving them. The Commission's report, of which the summary is given below, is the third of the great reports of this epoch.
2) Who is the author?
Edwin Chadwick (1800-1890), and Dr. Thomas Southwood Smith (1788-1861) is the author of this primary source.
3) When was it created?
This is a commission, so therefore the poor law (independent body, not related to the government, they didn’t have actual power, and everybody disliked them) commission created it.
4) When was it published?
It was published in 1842.
5) Where was it published?
It was published in London, England.
6) Who is publishing it?
The Boards of Guardians in the poor law commission is who published it.
7) Is there anything we know about the author that is pertinent to our evaluation?
Chadwick published this report at his own expense and time, as a result of his strenuous efforts to achieve public health reform, he was eventually knighted in 1889 by Queen Victoria. His work was recognized for being good for the common people.
Purpose:
1) Why does this document exist?
It exist to investigated sanitary condition and obtaining the means to improve them amongst the urban poor throughout England.
2) Why did the author create this piece of work? What is the intent?
The author created this work as public service, to raise awareness of poor public hygiene.
3) Why did the author choose this particular format?
It’s a formal report to the commission to indicate evidence that will support the claim that public health was deficient in maintaining good health.
4) Who is the intended audience? Who was the author thinking would receive this?
The author is aiming for 3 groups; first, the government; second, health professionals; third, benfactors, someone who will give money to support clean up corporations; and ultimately law makers, who could provide money to assist poor.
5) What does the document say?
In the beginning it describes general conditions of poor urban health. It describes the general environment that leads to contagion. It provides mortality figure amongst the populace, and the most vulnerable portion of the populace. Then it describes inadequate public services and utilities that lead to poor public health. Most of the description centres on water being, the primary source of epidemics. Finally, this report argues for immediate remedy of the urban environment related to poor practices of sanitation, and unsanitary habits by the general population.
6) Can it tell you more than is on the surface?
In the last paragraph, you can tell that the author really sees good public health as a matter of “morality and refinement”. This means that the author is making a strong case for class distinction based on habits of hygiene. It is obvious that Chadwick felt a patronizing attitude towards the people directly affected by his report.
Value:
1) What can you tell about the author from the piece?
We can tell that Chadwick is an upperclass individual, who is public spirited and charitable.
2) What can we tell about the time period from the piece?
The poor public health conditions described in the report directly mirror the rural to urban exodus described in artifact ten. Therefore, it is 19th century England. Also, it is clearly illuminates the great class distinctions of this period.
3) Under what circumstances was the piece created and how does the piece reflect those
circumstances?
The piece was created at Chadwick’s own expense, and therefore reflects the author’s subjective viewpoint that good public health is directly related to having money and class.
4) What can we tell about any controversies from the piece?
There are three controversies; first, who should take care of the urban poor? Second, who should decide what should be done? And third, does scientific fact support Chadwick’s assertions?
5) Does the author represent a particular ‘side’ of a controversy or event?
Yes, the author represents the position that the poor are partly to blame for their own circumstances and that it is only through the well-meaning intervention of commissions such as his that any progress will be made toward alleviating the poor health circumstances.
6) What can we tell about the author’s perspectives from the piece?
Chadwick is a social reformer and he thought that if public health can be improved, it would actually save money in the long run. Chadwick advocated paid public health officers and focused primarily on the economic facets of public health concerns.
7) What was going on in history at the time the piece was created and how does this piece
accurately reflect it?
This is about the rural to urban exodus, and directly related to one of the primary drawbacks which was overcrowding and waterborn disease. This piece speaks about both elements directly.
Limitations:
1) What part of the story can we NOT tell from this document?
What was the follow up? Did Chadwick’s suggestions ever got adopted? Also, did public health improve amongst the urban poor in England?
2) How could we verify the content of the piece?
Chadwick did direct observations amongst the urban poor, he was trying to assist. However, the limited technology available to him at the time of the writing led him to more opinion and less scientific empiricism.
3) Does this piece inaccurately reflect anything about the time period?
This piece did not inaccurately reflect anything about the time period. On the other hand, it blames the poor in part for their negative circumstances. It does not clearly define the government’s willingness or inability to provide basic health services to urban populations. (Edwin is part of the government)
4) What does the author leave out and why does he/she leave it out (if you know)?
Who is to blame? – this is absolutely missing, the reason is the government will not provide financial support.
5) What is purposely not addressed?
Where does the money come from? – very very typical. No one wants to take any responsibility. Morality will not solve the problem, it can only be solved through the application of scientific reason.
Reflection questions:
Reflection questions:
1) a. What main topic does the artifact relates to? In what way?
ans: Human health, the advancement of medicine. Chadwick's report is about health of the urban poor, and about the improvements that can be made.
b. Which other main topic does it also relate to?
ans: I think it also relates to class consciousness, because it discusses about the poor's situation specifically.
2) Why did you choose this artifact, and how much time did you spend creating and /or processing it?
ans: I chose this primary source because itis not too long and I'm interested in the topic. It took me about an hour to create it.
3) What insights and understanding have you gained from the creation and/or processing of this artifact?
ans: how bad the situation is at the time, and that how lousy the government can be. Stereotypical, and political.
4) Does this artifact reflect your best work and/or ideas? Why, or why not?
ans: I think it does reflect my best work and ideas because I read other related articles on this topic and tried to understand the contect of when the report is written in order to give an evaluation.
5) Rate this artifact on a scale of -5 to 5 (0 is neutral) for the following four criterion.
a. Impact on the quality of your portfolio. 4
b. Impact on your level of enjoyment and happiness. 5
c. Impact on your learning. 3
d. Level of creativity and Originality. 4
ans: 4
6) Any additional comments.
ans: no comment.
Monday, October 18, 2010
Key figures: Comparing and contrasting 2 key figures (artifact 17)
William Ewart Gladstone FRS FSS Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield, KG, PC, FRS, (29 December 1809 – 19 May 1898) (21 December 1804 – 19 April 1881)
- The lion and the unicorn
- Were fighting for the crown
- The lion beat the unicorn
- All around the town.
- Some gave them white bread,
- And some gave them brown;
- Some gave them plum cake
- and drummed them out of town
The children's author - Lewis Carroll used the lion and the unicorn as characters in Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There. He depicts the lion as dimwitted instead of being alert and calculating by making this particular one slow and rather stupid, although clearly the better fighter. The Unicorn sees Alice as a "monster", although he promises to start believing in her if she will only believe in him. Sir John Tenniel's illustrations caricature Benjamin Disraeli as "the Unicorn", and William Ewart Gladstone as "the Lion", this is possible because of their regular debates.
There is no doubt that the two statesmen hated each other. Disraeli referred to his rival in a letter to Lord Derby as '...that unprincipled maniac Gladstone - extraordinary mixture of envy, vindictiveness, hypocrisy and superstition'. And Gladstone more moderately said of his old enemy, 'the Tory party had principles by which it would and did stand for bad and for good. All this Dizzy destroyed'.
Gladstone, as a rising young Tory, was given office in 1841. Disraeli, who had expected a government post, was not, and he never forgot it. Hitherto Disraeli and Gladstone had had little occasion to notice each other. But in 1846 there occurred one of those rare convulsions in parliamentary life that shape politics for a generation. This was Peel's decision, as a result of the Irish famine of the late 1840s, to complete his policy of free trade by repealing the Corn Laws. These protected British agriculture from cheap foreign imports of grain - which could have alleviated some of the hardship in Ireland. They also, however, as many Conservatives believed, protected the livelihood of the party's sturdiest supporters, the agricultural interest, the farmers and landowners.
Disraeli saw this as an opportunity. Acting ostensibly as adjutant to Lord George Bentinck, the leader of those with landed interests, he made a series of brilliant attacks on Peel, who replied to them feebly and, as Gladstone said later, with a sort of 'righteous dullness'. Unluckily Gladstone, who, though still a minister, had lost his seat, was not in the House to support his hero.
Disraeli saw this as an opportunity. Acting ostensibly as adjutant to Lord George Bentinck, the leader of those with landed interests, he made a series of brilliant attacks on Peel, who replied to them feebly and, as Gladstone said later, with a sort of 'righteous dullness'. Unluckily Gladstone, who, though still a minister, had lost his seat, was not in the House to support his hero.
The two leaders were now face to face. Their style of debate was as different as their personalities - Gladstone torrential, eloquent, evangelical, vehement and 'preachy'; Disraeli, urbane, witty and worldly, with a streak of romance as well as cynicism. Campaigning on the disestablishment of the Anglican Church in Ireland, Gladstone won the election called at the end of 1868, and proceeded on a strenuous programme of what would nowadays be called 'modernisation'. Entry into the army and civil service was reformed, the judicial system was overhauled, electoral procedure was rationalised and the secret ballot was introduced. Disraeli saw which way the tide of opinion was moving and confined himself in Parliament to detailed criticism rather than blanket opposition.
In 1874 the tide turned, and Disraeli - to his own surprise - won the first clear Conservative victory since Sir Robert Peel in 1841. He saw that the country had had enough constitutional reform. The English people, he said, would be 'idiotic' if they had not long perceived that the time had arrived 'when social and not political improvement is the object which they ought to pursue'. And his government passed a series of measures of that sort in the field of health, housing, sale of food and drugs, factory conditions and agricultural tenancies. They may not have been as important as later Conservative propagandists have claimed, but at least they showed that the party was not opposed to all changes and had a reformist side.
It was after 1874 that Disraeli's love affair with the Queen began. Her power was limited, but mattered just enough for it to pay a prime minister to be on good terms with her. This Gladstone could never do. He lacked Disraeli's gift of flattery, and some of his ideas were anathema to her, especially in the field of foreign affairs. These clashes of policy and personality came to a head over the eastern question, in 1876-78.In 1874 the tide turned, and Disraeli - to his own surprise - won the first clear Conservative victory since Sir Robert Peel in 1841. He saw that the country had had enough constitutional reform. The English people, he said, would be 'idiotic' if they had not long perceived that the time had arrived 'when social and not political improvement is the object which they ought to pursue'. And his government passed a series of measures of that sort in the field of health, housing, sale of food and drugs, factory conditions and agricultural tenancies. They may not have been as important as later Conservative propagandists have claimed, but at least they showed that the party was not opposed to all changes and had a reformist side.
It is difficult to compare such very different characters. Perhaps one should not try but go back to Lord Granville - 'Lord Beaconsfield and Mr Gladstone are men of extraordinary ability' - and leave it at that.
Reflection questions:
1) a. What main topic does the artifact relates to? In what way?
It relates to the universe through a microscope and telescope, since I can not relate to other main topics, it is like viewing history through lenses, analysing and examining what they've done and understanding it.
b. Which other main topic does it also relate to?
ans: It does not relate to any other main topics.
2) Why did you choose this artifact, and how much time did you spend creating and /or processing it?
ans: I didn't choose this artifact, It took me around 1 hour to finish it.
3) What insights and understanding have you gained from the creation and/or processing of this artifact?
ans: how funny it is that people like to listen to them fight.
4) Does this artifact reflect your best work and/or ideas? Why, or why not?
ans: I think it does not reflect mybest work, it is not very well revised.
5) Rate this artifact on a scale of -5 to 5 (0 is neutral) for the following four criterion.
a. Impact on the quality of your portfolio. 1
b. Impact on your level of enjoyment and happiness. 0
c. Impact on your learning. 1
d. Level of creativity and Originality. 2
ans: 1.5
6) Any additional comments.
ans: No comment.
Original Prezi (Artifact 16)
http://prezi.com/fr9j26wzx0y/edit/ - go to my prezi
Reflection questions:
Reflection questions:
1) a. What main topic does the artifact relates to? In what way?
ans: It relates to Universe through a microscope, because we are telling a story back in time, like using lenses, looking at things - story.
b. Which other main topic does it also relate to?
ans: It doesn't relate to any other main topics.
2) Why did you choose this artifact, and how much time did you spend creating and /or processing it?
ans: I didn't choose this artifact, it took me around 30 minutes, plus the pictures gathering and processing.
3) What insights and understanding have you gained from the creation and/or processing of this artifact?
ans: I can't think of any insights, but by telling the story, it helped my understand because I'll have to organize and re-process all the knowledge I've learned.
4) Does this artifact reflect your best work and/or ideas? Why, or why not?
ans: I think this does reflects my best work since I've discussed it with Sabrina, so I won't focus only on what I think.
5) Rate this artifact on a scale of -5 to 5 (0 is neutral) for the following four criterion.
a. Impact on the quality of your portfolio. 1
b. Impact on your level of enjoyment and happiness. 0
c. Impact on your learning. 1
d. Level of creativity and Originality. 1
ans: 1
6) Any additional comments.
ans: No comment.
Student created timeline (artifact 15)
General fact of Great Britain – http://www.buzzle.com/articles/facts-about-great-britain.html
Interactive lessons and games – http://www.activehistory.co.uk/Miscellaneous/menus/GCSE/Britain_1906-18.htm
British timeline (My analysis) – http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/launch_tl_british.shtml
Websites related to the english civil war – http://www.casahistoria.net/background.htm
Animation Video on how the English civil war started – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zzh_7orEBU0
English Civil War Timeline
Interactive lessons and games – http://www.activehistory.co.uk/Miscellaneous/menus/GCSE/Britain_1906-18.htm
British timeline (My analysis) – http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/launch_tl_british.shtml
Websites related to the english civil war – http://www.casahistoria.net/background.htm
Animation Video on how the English civil war started – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zzh_7orEBU0
Oliver Cromwell and the English Civil War - movie
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yG37jN7wcZE&p=0938039297A66447&playnext=1&index=22
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wqRbz97oAHg&feature=related
| 13th June 1625 | King Charles Marries | King Charles I married Henrietta Maria, daughter of Henry IV of France at St Augustine's Church, Canterbury, Kent. The marriage was not popular because she was a Catholic. |
| May 1626 | Parliament Dismissed | Parliament were unhappy with the activities of Charles' chief minister, George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham. Buckingham had led a failed mission to Cadiz and it appeared that he was planning to help the French to put down the Protestant Huguenot uprising. Parliament moved to have Buckingham dismissed from office. Charles retaliated by dismissing parliament. |
| 13th March | Parliament Recalled | Charles needed money to finance the war with France and Spain and reluctantly recalled Parliament. |
| 1628 | Thirty-Nine Articles | Charles re-issued the Thirty Nine Articles into the Church of England. This was seen as a move towards Rome and evidence of the King's Catholic leanings. |
| 7th June 1628 | Petition of Right | Parliament formed a committee of grievances and prepared a Petition of Right which was presented to the King. The Petition was designed to protect subjects from any further taxation unauthorised by Parliament. Charles signed the document reluctantly. |
| 22nd August 1628 | Buckingham Assassinated | George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, was stabbed to death by naval lieutenant John Felton. |
| March 1629 | The Three Resolutions | There were outbursts in Parliament when the Petition of Right was debated and the doors were locked to keep royal guards out. The Speaker, who wanted to adjourn the proceedings, was held in his chair. Parliament passed three resolutions: 1.That they would condemn any move to change religion. 2. That they would condemn any taxation levied without Parliament's authority. 3. That any merchant who paid 'illegal' taxes betrayed the liberty of England. Charles dismissed Parliament. |
| March 1629 | MPs Arrested | Charles arrested nine members of the Commons for offences against the state. Three were imprisoned. This action by the King made him more unpopular. The King, defended his action by stating his belief in his own divine right saying that 'Princes are not bound to give account of their actions, but to God alone.' |
| 1632 | Thomas Wentworth | Known as 'Black Tom Tyrant' by the Irish, Thomas Wentworth, Lord Deputy of Ireland, ruled Ireland with a firm hand. However, his rule alienated the planters of Ulster and antagonised the landowners of Connaught. |
| August 1633 | Archbishop Laud | Charles appointed William Laud as Archbishop of Canterbury. Laud was known to have Catholic leanings and Charles hoped that his appointment would help to stop the rise of the Puritans. |
| 18 June 1633 | King of Scotland | Charles was crowned King of Scotland at Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh. |
| 1634 - 1636 | Ship Money | This tax was paid by coastal towns to pay for the upkeep of the Royal Navy. In a bid to raise more money, Charles now imposed the tax on inland towns as well. |
| June 1638 | Ship Money | John Hampden, challenged the King's right to impose such a tax but he lost the case and the court ruled that the King was the only authority that could impose such a tax. |
| February 1638 | National Covenant and Book of Common Prayer | Charles demanded that the Book of Common Prayer be used in the Scottish Kirk. The Calvinist-dominated Scottish church resisted the move. There were riots and a National Covenant was formed which protested against any religious interference in Scotland by England. The Scottish Kirk was so incensed that it expelled the Bishops installed in Scotland by James I. |
| 1639 | Pacification of Berwick | Thomas Wentworth's had led a scratch army against the Scots but had been defeated on the border and had been forced to sign a temporary truce at Berwick. Wentworth told the King that in order to raise an efficient army he must recall Parliament. Charles, who had enjoyed his eleven years tyranny, was forced to recall Parliament. |
| 13th April 1640 | Short Parliament | The new Parliament refused to authorise any new taxes until the King agreed to abandon 'ship money'. The King said that he would only abandon ship money if Parliament would grant him enough money to re-open the war with Scotland. Parliament refused and was dismissed after three weeks. |
| 1640 | Oliver Cromwell | Oliver Cromwell was elected to Parliament for the second time. He openly criticised Charles taxes and the level of corruption in the Church of England. |
| Oct 1640 | Scotland | Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, set out for the Scottish border with a makeshift army. However, the army mutinied and the Scots seized English land. The Scots demanded a daily rate be paid until a satisfactory treaty was put in place. |
| 21 Oct 1640 | Treaty of Ripon | This treaty between Scotland and England allowed the Scots to stay in Durham and Northumberland until a final settlement was concluded. |
| Nov 1640 | Long Parliament | Charles had to have money to pay for an efficient army with which to defeat the Scots. However, he couldn't have the money until he agreed to Parliament's demands which included an Act which stated that parliament should meet once every five years and the arrest for treason of Strafford. Charles had no choice but to comply. |
| 20 May 1641 | Wentworth Beheaded | Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, was executed on Tower Hill. |
| Summer 1641 | Triennial Act | This act allowed Parliament to be summoned without royal command and declared 'ship money' to be illegal. |
| Late Summer 1641 | Revolt in Ireland | A revolt broke out in Ireland. Parliament critical of the King's handling of matters in both Ireland and Scotland, passed propositions that the Parliament and not the King should be responsible for the country's defence. |
| 22 Oct 1641 | Catholic Rebellion in Ireland | A Catholic rebellion broke out in Ulster and quickly spread across the country. Many Protestant settlers were driven from their homes and the rebellion became war. |
| November 1641 | Grand Remonstrance | This document, put together by Pym, listed parliament's grievances against the King since his reign began. |
| 4 Jan 1642 | Charles Arrests five MPs | Charles instructed his attorney-general to issue a charge of treason against one peer and five members of the Commons including Pym and Hampden. When Parliament refused to recognise the charge, Charles sent a troop of horsemen to make the arrests. However, Parliament had been warned and the five men had fled. this move by Charles was extremely unpopular and across the country people declared themselves for Parliament and against Popery. Charles removed himself and his family from Whitehall to Hampton Court. |
| Jan 1642 | Preparations for War | Charles sent his wife Henrietta Maria to the Continent to enlist Catholic support for his cause against Parliament. She was also to pawn the crown jewels to buy arms. Although both sides were now preparing for war, negotiations continued. |
| March 1642 | Militia Ordinance | This allowed Parliament to take control of the Militia, virtually the only armed body in the country. |
| April 1642 | Charles - Hull | Charles tried to secure an arsenal of equipment left in Hull from his Scottish campaign. He was blocked by Sir John Hotham, with parliamentary and naval support and was forced to retire to York. Charles made his headquarters in York. |
| June 1642 | Nineteen Propositions | The Nineteen Propositions were issued by Parliament in the hopes of reaching a settlement with the King. They called for a new constitution recognising their own supremacy; demanded that ministers and judges should be appointed by parliament not by the King and also that all Church and military matters should come under the control of Parliament. |
| 22 Aug 1642 | Civil War - Standard raised | Charles raised his standard at Nottingham formally declaring war. However, both sides hoped that either war could be averted or that one decisive battle would put an end to the matter. |
| 7 Sept 1642 | Portsmouth falls to Parliament | The vital port and fortress of Portsmouth surrendered to Parliament. |
| 23 Oct 1642 | Battle of Edgehill | In the early afternoon, Charles sent his army down the hill to meet the Parliamentary army commanded by Essex. On the royalist right was Prince Rupert who broke Essex's left flank. In the centre, reinforcements arrived and they managed to push forward putting the lives of the King's sons, Charles and James, in danger. The battle was a stalemate with neither side able to advance. |
| 12, 13 Nov 1642 | Small Battles | The Royalists led by Prince Rupert managed to surprise and capture Brentford. However, the following day Rupert was surprised to find his route to the city of London barred at Turnham Green by Essex and an army of some 24,000. The Royalist commander decided to retire rather than fight. |
| Jan 1643 | Royalist Victories | The Royalists had victories over Parliament at Braddock Down and Nantwich |
| 1643 | Skirmishes and Battles | Parliament took Lichfield, Reading, Wakefield, Gainsborough, Royalists took Ripple Field, Tewkesbury, Chewton Mendip, Chalgrove Field, Landsdowne Hill, Bristol and Yorkshire. Re-took Lichfield and Gainsborough, and held Cornwall, Newark and Devises |
| 30 June 1643 | Battle of Adwalton Moor | the Royalist commander, William Cavendish decided to try and enclose the Parliamentarian army in Bradford. However, Fairfax, the Parliamentary commander decided that his army had a better chance of survival if they fought the Royalists in a battle rather than being surrounded and forced to surrender. The Royalists won the battle. |
| 13 July 1643 | Battle of Roundaway Down | The Royalists were the first to charge but there was no counter-charge. After two more charges the Parliamentary cavalry had fled. Waller then turned his attention to the Parliamentary infantry who stood firm until a force led by Hopton attacked them from behind. Caught between two Royalist armies the majority of Parliamentarian soldiers simply fled from the battlefield giving the Royalists victory. |
| Aug 1643 | Solemn League and Covenant | This document swore to preserve the Church of Scotland and reform the religion of England and Ireland 'according to the word of God and the example of the best reformed churches' and to protect 'the rights and liberties of parliaments'. It was accepted by the English Parliament in September. |
| 20 Sept 1643 | First Battle of Newbury | Essex's force of tired wet and hungry Parliamentarians intended to rest at Newbury, a town sympathetic to the Parliamentarians. However, Rupert had arrived there first and Essex had no choice but to fight. Essex moved the Parliamentarians before daybreak and secured the 'Round Hill', just south of Newbury. The surrounding countryside was criss-crossed with lanes and hedgerows which offered excellent cover for the foot soldiers but was quite unsuitable for horse. Parliament won the battle |
| June 1644 | Battle of Marston Moor | This was the largest single battle of the Civil War involving 45,000 men. Although the Royalists were outnumbered, they decided to fight. They were defeated by Parliament. For the first time since the Civil War had began Rupert's cavalry were beaten by a Parliamentarian cavalry charge. |
| 27 October 1644 | Second Battle of Newbury | The Royalists were sandwiched between two Parliamentary forces. Each time Parliament made some gain they were beaten back by the Royalists. The battle, which lasted all day, ended in a draw. |
| 14th June 1645 | Battle of Naseby | The Parliamentarians broke their siege on Oxford and forced the Royalists into battle. Initially the Royalists took up a defensive stance but later the order to attack was given. The battle lasted just three hours and saw the death of most of the Royalist foot soldiers. It was a decisive victory for Parliament. Charles fled the battlefield as soon as it was apparent that he had lost both the battle and the war. |
| 6th May 1646 | Surrender to the Scots | Charles I surrendered to the Scots |
| 24th June 1646 | Surrender | Oxford, Charles I's capital surrendered to Parliament |
| 30th January 1647 | Charles I Imprisoned | The Scots handed Charles over to parliament. He was imprisoned in Holdenby House, Northamptonshire |
| November 1647 | Putney Debates | This was a series of debates held by different Parliamentarian forces to try to decide on a new constitution. |
| November 1647 | Charles Escaped | Charles I escaped imprisonment and fled to Carisbrooke Castle, Isle of Wight |
| December 1648 | Charles Recaptured | Charles was recaptured and sent to Windsor Castle |
| 6th January 1649 | Rump Parliament | The Rump Parliament began. All members of Parliament who were in favour of negotiating with the King had been expelled. The Rump Parliament gave parliament the right to make new Acts of Parliament without the king's approval |
| 20th January 1649 | Trial of King Charles began | King Charles was tried for treason by a High Court of Justice specially set up for the trial. The court found Charles guilty and sentenced him to death. |
| 30 Jan 1649 | Execution | King Charles I was executed by beheading, outside Whitehall Palace, London. He was buried in St George's Chapel, Windsor. |
The English Civil War itself has many causes but the personality of Charles I must be counted as one of the major reasons. Few people could have predicted that the civil war, that started in 1642, would have ended with the public execution of Charles. His most famous opponent in this war was Oliver Cromwell - one of the men who signed the death warrant of Charles.
The English Civil War was a complicated, intellectual war between the two most powerful forces in England: Parliament and the King. Conflicts between the two powers began when King Charles I dissolved Parliament in 1625 because they would not give him the money he demanded to fund his war against Spain. Parliament, who was lead by John Pym, felt that the King was showing favoritism towards the Roman Catholics, especially since Charles had recently married the Roman Catholic French Princess. Although Charles recalled Parliament in 1626, he proceeded to dissolve the second Parliament mainly because it attempted to impeach him. John Pym, who had been prevented from being elected to the second Parliament, was re-elected into the third Parliament and was looking for revenge on King Charles. He refused to give Charles supplies for his war until certain issues such as forced loans, compulsory billeting and arbitrary imprisonment had been addressed. The King attempted to bargain with Parliament, agreeing that Parliament could no longer be dissolved and that it had to be called regularly. When the Irish rebellion broke out, Pym took the opportunity to blame Charles and his administration for the rebellion. Pym stated that the parties at fault should be dismissed and replaced with people approved by Parliament. Charles attempted to impeach Pym and others, but word of his plans leaked out and the individuals got away. This was the beginning of conflicts between Parliament and the King and although discussions between the two groups went on until March of 1641, war was inevitable. When the war began, it was clear that the King held the upper hand. However, after four years of fighting (1642 - 1646), Parliament emerged victorious, lead by Oliver Cromwell who had obtained leadership after the Marston Moor battle. Although it took more then eighteen years for the results of the civil war to settle, there were no long term effects of the war. While there were minor reforms to the system, the people, the Church and the Monarchy of England went back to living their lives relatively the same as they had before the start of the English Civil War.
Violence during the English Civil war effected hundreds of thousands of English civilians. However, "while violence killed thousands of people...the impact of the war - as a war - was surprisingly limited." Casualties during the war were high: 190 000 people died in England and 868 000, or 11.6% of the population, perished within the British Isles. This number was only a third of the amount of people who died in England during the great plague of 1570 - 1670. King Charles II was content with putting things aside and starting over again, and it seemed like the people of England were too. Although women and children lost husbands and fathers, their loses were quickly replaced by new husbands or relatives to help out. By the end of the war, most people simply wanted to get on with their lives since there was nothing that they could about the people they lost during the war. Many people forgot their differences and were found even marrying across the barriers which were created during the war. Damaged property was quickly repaired since it created jobs for civilians looking for work. Buildings were destroyed, but since the war was not as explosive as the wars we know today, they were easily rebuilt. Cities were sacked, however most were mended; citizens lost possessions, but they were easily rebought; royalists forced residents of London to cut down trees for fuel by cutting off their coal supply, but the trees grew back. It seemed like civilians were anxious to forget the wars and restore their lives to what it was before the war by returning to life as it were. A more difficult transition for the common folk of England was the re-civilization of the soldiers, but even that did not create many effects. It was a complicated procedure to merge the soldiers into society as every day working people, however since it took place at two different times; once when Cromwell was dissolving the army and once when the new Parliament was attempting to rid themselves of the army completely. Because of this, it affected both sides in different ways at different times. This process limited the war's long-term effects. The city of London literally "scratched out it's history of cooperating with Cromwell by drawing lines through the appropriate pages of it's record books." It was almost as if the people of England erased the memory of the Civil War and started their lives where they left off before the war started.
Another aspect of society which was effected during the English Civil War was the Church and religion. In a sense, religion played a role in the suspicion which arose within Parliament. It was because of a suspected favoritism towards Roman Catholics that John Pym turned against King Charles I. And because of the Irish Rebellion in which the Irish rose up against the English Protestants, Parliament felt that there was a conspiracy against English liberty in which Charles was participating. Parliament, who was composed of mainly Puritans, was fighting a war for their freedom in what they believed was a conspiracy against them. In 1645, six days before the execution of Archbishop Land, the Book of Common Prayer was abolished in favour of the Presbyterian directory of worship. This appeared to be the end of an era for the Church of England. During the Civil War, many new religions emerged. Baptists did not believe that children should be baptized, Levellers were far more radical, accepting the sacredness of private property but they demanded new laws that would protect the poor as well as the wealthy. Diggers opposed the private ownership of land and sought the abolition of wage labor. Ranters rejected the idea of Heaven, Hell and sin and thought that true salvation could be found only in drink and sex. Because England was in a state of anarchy during the war, rebels destroyed churches and cathedrals without a trace of guilt. Religious festivals, opposed by the Puritans were practiced by Anglicans in order to raise money for the church. In the 1650's, Oliver Cromwell attempted to unite all Protestants in a single-state church with outside tolerance. This idea failed since the possibility of a single all-embracing state church was impossible even before revolution. From then on, England possessed two Protestant nations as well as a Roman Catholic minority. After the Monarchy was revised and the events of the Civil war were finished, the Church of England regained it's title as the established church of the country. Once again, any other religions were not tolerated by it and the church expelled Presbyterian ministers. The Church of England had returned to it's state from before the war, almost as if the destruction of alters and cathedrals in rebellion had never happened.
The Monarchy of England was severely affected by the Civil War during the actual events of the war, however, it was restored almost back to normal after the occurrences had been resolved. Soon after Parliament's victory, King Charles I was charged on the terms that he had "personally started and waged war against Parliament". Oliver Cromwell, the leader of Parliament, took office over England in 1653 with the title "Lord Protector". He began dissolving his army soon after Parliament's victory as well as dissolving the Rump Parliament. Cromwell's government was beginning to seem familiar to many civilians as it was beginning to be run similar to the monarchy which Cromwell wanted to reform. He was making laws without the advice of Parliament as well as ignoring their authority when it came to setting taxes. Despite his decreasing popularity, Cromwell was offered the throne of England, which he refused. When Cromwell died in 1658, his son Richard Cromwell tried too hard to enforce his father's policies and the Wallingford house party, lead by Fleetwood, coaxed him down from power. However, the Wallingford house party was forced to recall the Rump Parliament, who's priorities were clearly in restoring the power of the army. Lambert, who was a Parliamentary general during the war, was recalled to help to dissolve Rump Parliament. The Royalists joined with the Presbyterians and Lambert, and together they called for an election of a new Parliament. They won their fight and sent a petition up to the rump wanting a "select senate" which would speed up the dissolution of parliament and confirm Fleetwood as Commander in Chief and Lambert as second in command. This was "the spark which started the conflagration that destroyed the commonwealth".
Unfortunately, the restoration of the Monarchy was not that simple. Monck, a general from Scotland who had been one of Cromwell's most loyal friends and companions, marched into England and demanded that Rump Parliament be recalled. Fleetwood and Lambert were obligated to follow Monck's orders and restored the Rump Parliament. Almost immediately after it was reintroduced, it turned it's forces against Fleetwood and Lambert. Lambert was captured and fearing for his own safety, Fleetwood allowed the Scottish Army to invade England with no resistance. Once Monck had established control over London, he informed the Rump Parliament that the civilians would be satisfied with nothing less than a newly elected parliament. However, the Rump Parliament still refused to give up their position. They could not hold out for that much longer and eventually, they were forced to resign. Once the Rump was dissolved, Monck had a secret meeting with Charles II, who was heir to the English throne, and his advisor. During this meeting, Monck laid out certain rules which he said that the King must oblige by. Charles, who did not agree with the terms that Monck set out, took a letter to the new Parliament explaining what Monck was doing. At the same time, Lambert escaped from his imprisonment and called a reunion of his men to try to overthrow Monck. Monck, who insisted that "all regiments of Parliament say that they will obey him without a question and abide by any decision of Parliament." was overthrown on Parliament's decision to offer Charles II the throne of England.
Eleven years after his father's execution, Charles II crossed the English channel to be crowned King of England and to mark the restoration of the English Monarchy that had been abolished during the Civil War. The first task of the reestablished Monarchy was to rid themselves of Oliver Cromwell's army. The Monarchy had full Parliamentary support to complete this task. Charles formed the 1st Regiment of foot guards and with Monck's army, the 2nd Regiment of foot guards was made. What was originally Cromwell's Regiment of horse was divided into the Duke of York's lifeguards and the Royal Horse Guards. This was the beginning of the British Regular Army. Although it was almost impossible to demolish the entire army, King Charles II did the best job that he could. Charles II was compelled to make an Act of Indemnity and Oblivion, which some criticized as "indemnity to enemies, oblivion to friends". However, this was simply a reflection of the fact that Parliament won the English Civil War and that restoration of the Monarchy was an "act of grace." Because of this, Parliament and the King made some agreements: the King could never take money from citizens without consenting with Parliament first as well as never operating outside the courts of the common law through the Star chamber- a forum for commonfolk to voice their opinions. As well, the King had complete power over military decisions and no one would have powers over the King. Despite all the chaos and disorder within the Monarchy and Parliament, "constitution and structure or society and government appeared untouched by the traumatic events." With the exception of the agreements between Parliament and the Monarchy, things were restored back to how they were before the war. The king was once again chronically short of money and depended on Parliament for money. Once again, it seemed as though the events that occurred during the English Civil War had never occurred.
While the Civil War was taking place, many issues in society went through reform. The people of England lost a lot of family members who were close to them, the Church of England was cause for a lot of rebellions as religions emerged and formed and the Monarchy was completely dissolved only to be revived again by the winners of the war- Parliament. However, once the dust had settled, there were only a few changes which had occurred in English society. Everything else was like the "clocks had been turned back to before the Civil War.": The English Civil War was different then the ones in Scotland or Ireland since there were no major long-term effects. It is believed that this is because the Civil War in England was simply a product of short-term events as well as miscalculations from the king, and not because of long-term effects building up like those in Ireland and Scotland. Although the English Civil War disrupted the entire society of England while it took place, England and it's infrastructure was almost identical only a few short years after, as it was before the war began.
Another aspect of society which was effected during the English Civil War was the Church and religion. In a sense, religion played a role in the suspicion which arose within Parliament. It was because of a suspected favoritism towards Roman Catholics that John Pym turned against King Charles I. And because of the Irish Rebellion in which the Irish rose up against the English Protestants, Parliament felt that there was a conspiracy against English liberty in which Charles was participating. Parliament, who was composed of mainly Puritans, was fighting a war for their freedom in what they believed was a conspiracy against them. In 1645, six days before the execution of Archbishop Land, the Book of Common Prayer was abolished in favour of the Presbyterian directory of worship. This appeared to be the end of an era for the Church of England. During the Civil War, many new religions emerged. Baptists did not believe that children should be baptized, Levellers were far more radical, accepting the sacredness of private property but they demanded new laws that would protect the poor as well as the wealthy. Diggers opposed the private ownership of land and sought the abolition of wage labor. Ranters rejected the idea of Heaven, Hell and sin and thought that true salvation could be found only in drink and sex. Because England was in a state of anarchy during the war, rebels destroyed churches and cathedrals without a trace of guilt. Religious festivals, opposed by the Puritans were practiced by Anglicans in order to raise money for the church. In the 1650's, Oliver Cromwell attempted to unite all Protestants in a single-state church with outside tolerance. This idea failed since the possibility of a single all-embracing state church was impossible even before revolution. From then on, England possessed two Protestant nations as well as a Roman Catholic minority. After the Monarchy was revised and the events of the Civil war were finished, the Church of England regained it's title as the established church of the country. Once again, any other religions were not tolerated by it and the church expelled Presbyterian ministers. The Church of England had returned to it's state from before the war, almost as if the destruction of alters and cathedrals in rebellion had never happened.
The Monarchy of England was severely affected by the Civil War during the actual events of the war, however, it was restored almost back to normal after the occurrences had been resolved. Soon after Parliament's victory, King Charles I was charged on the terms that he had "personally started and waged war against Parliament". Oliver Cromwell, the leader of Parliament, took office over England in 1653 with the title "Lord Protector". He began dissolving his army soon after Parliament's victory as well as dissolving the Rump Parliament. Cromwell's government was beginning to seem familiar to many civilians as it was beginning to be run similar to the monarchy which Cromwell wanted to reform. He was making laws without the advice of Parliament as well as ignoring their authority when it came to setting taxes. Despite his decreasing popularity, Cromwell was offered the throne of England, which he refused. When Cromwell died in 1658, his son Richard Cromwell tried too hard to enforce his father's policies and the Wallingford house party, lead by Fleetwood, coaxed him down from power. However, the Wallingford house party was forced to recall the Rump Parliament, who's priorities were clearly in restoring the power of the army. Lambert, who was a Parliamentary general during the war, was recalled to help to dissolve Rump Parliament. The Royalists joined with the Presbyterians and Lambert, and together they called for an election of a new Parliament. They won their fight and sent a petition up to the rump wanting a "select senate" which would speed up the dissolution of parliament and confirm Fleetwood as Commander in Chief and Lambert as second in command. This was "the spark which started the conflagration that destroyed the commonwealth".
Unfortunately, the restoration of the Monarchy was not that simple. Monck, a general from Scotland who had been one of Cromwell's most loyal friends and companions, marched into England and demanded that Rump Parliament be recalled. Fleetwood and Lambert were obligated to follow Monck's orders and restored the Rump Parliament. Almost immediately after it was reintroduced, it turned it's forces against Fleetwood and Lambert. Lambert was captured and fearing for his own safety, Fleetwood allowed the Scottish Army to invade England with no resistance. Once Monck had established control over London, he informed the Rump Parliament that the civilians would be satisfied with nothing less than a newly elected parliament. However, the Rump Parliament still refused to give up their position. They could not hold out for that much longer and eventually, they were forced to resign. Once the Rump was dissolved, Monck had a secret meeting with Charles II, who was heir to the English throne, and his advisor. During this meeting, Monck laid out certain rules which he said that the King must oblige by. Charles, who did not agree with the terms that Monck set out, took a letter to the new Parliament explaining what Monck was doing. At the same time, Lambert escaped from his imprisonment and called a reunion of his men to try to overthrow Monck. Monck, who insisted that "all regiments of Parliament say that they will obey him without a question and abide by any decision of Parliament." was overthrown on Parliament's decision to offer Charles II the throne of England.
Eleven years after his father's execution, Charles II crossed the English channel to be crowned King of England and to mark the restoration of the English Monarchy that had been abolished during the Civil War. The first task of the reestablished Monarchy was to rid themselves of Oliver Cromwell's army. The Monarchy had full Parliamentary support to complete this task. Charles formed the 1st Regiment of foot guards and with Monck's army, the 2nd Regiment of foot guards was made. What was originally Cromwell's Regiment of horse was divided into the Duke of York's lifeguards and the Royal Horse Guards. This was the beginning of the British Regular Army. Although it was almost impossible to demolish the entire army, King Charles II did the best job that he could. Charles II was compelled to make an Act of Indemnity and Oblivion, which some criticized as "indemnity to enemies, oblivion to friends". However, this was simply a reflection of the fact that Parliament won the English Civil War and that restoration of the Monarchy was an "act of grace." Because of this, Parliament and the King made some agreements: the King could never take money from citizens without consenting with Parliament first as well as never operating outside the courts of the common law through the Star chamber- a forum for commonfolk to voice their opinions. As well, the King had complete power over military decisions and no one would have powers over the King. Despite all the chaos and disorder within the Monarchy and Parliament, "constitution and structure or society and government appeared untouched by the traumatic events." With the exception of the agreements between Parliament and the Monarchy, things were restored back to how they were before the war. The king was once again chronically short of money and depended on Parliament for money. Once again, it seemed as though the events that occurred during the English Civil War had never occurred.
While the Civil War was taking place, many issues in society went through reform. The people of England lost a lot of family members who were close to them, the Church of England was cause for a lot of rebellions as religions emerged and formed and the Monarchy was completely dissolved only to be revived again by the winners of the war- Parliament. However, once the dust had settled, there were only a few changes which had occurred in English society. Everything else was like the "clocks had been turned back to before the Civil War.": The English Civil War was different then the ones in Scotland or Ireland since there were no major long-term effects. It is believed that this is because the Civil War in England was simply a product of short-term events as well as miscalculations from the king, and not because of long-term effects building up like those in Ireland and Scotland. Although the English Civil War disrupted the entire society of England while it took place, England and it's infrastructure was almost identical only a few short years after, as it was before the war began.
Reflection questions:
1) a. What main topic does the artifact relates to? In what way?
ans: It relates to Nationalism and Liberalism, creation of the nation-state, because it is about civil war, war within the country.
b. Which other main topic does it also relate to?
ans: It doesn't relate to any other main topics.
2) Why did you choose this artifact, and how much time did you spend creating and /or processing it?
ans: I chose this artifact because i've studied about the English Civil war in my studies, it took me only 30 minutes to process it.
3) What insights and understanding have you gained from the creation and/or processing of this artifact?
ans: How easy a war can start.
4) Does this artifact reflect your best work and/or ideas? Why, or why not?
ans: I don't think it reflects my best work, because it is partilaly my past work.
5) Rate this artifact on a scale of -5 to 5 (0 is neutral) for the following four criterion.
a. Impact on the quality of your portfolio. 0
b. Impact on your level of enjoyment and happiness. 0
c. Impact on your learning.0
d. Level of creativity and Originality.0
ans: 0
6) Any additional comments.
ans: No comment
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