Student created timeline (artifact 15)

General fact of Great Britain – http://www.buzzle.com/articles/facts-about-great-britain.html
Interactive lessons and games – http://www.activehistory.co.uk/Miscellaneous/menus/GCSE/Britain_1906-18.htm
British timeline (My analysis) – http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/launch_tl_british.shtml
Websites related to the english civil war – http://www.casahistoria.net/background.htm
Animation Video on how the English civil war started – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zzh_7orEBU0

Oliver Cromwell and the English Civil War - movie

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yG37jN7wcZE&p=0938039297A66447&playnext=1&index=22

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wqRbz97oAHg&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZA6Zj-8BsuY&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WvpqbRHgFxs&feature=related

           English Civil War Timeline

13th June 1625	King Charles Marries	King Charles I married Henrietta Maria, daughter of Henry IV of France at St Augustine's Church, Canterbury, Kent. The marriage was not popular because she was a Catholic.
May 1626	Parliament Dismissed	Parliament were unhappy with the activities of Charles' chief minister, George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham. Buckingham had led a failed mission to Cadiz and it appeared that he was planning to help the French to put down the Protestant Huguenot uprising. Parliament moved to have Buckingham dismissed from office. Charles retaliated by dismissing parliament.
13th March	Parliament Recalled	Charles needed money to finance the war with France and Spain and reluctantly recalled Parliament.
1628	Thirty-Nine Articles	Charles re-issued the Thirty Nine Articles into the Church of England. This was seen as a move towards Rome and evidence of the King's Catholic leanings.
7th June 1628	Petition of Right	Parliament formed a committee of grievances and prepared a Petition of Right which was presented to the King. The Petition was designed to protect subjects from any further taxation unauthorised by Parliament. Charles signed the document reluctantly.
22nd August 1628	Buckingham Assassinated	George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, was stabbed to death by naval lieutenant John Felton.
March 1629	The Three Resolutions	There were outbursts in Parliament when the Petition of Right was debated and the doors were locked to keep royal guards out. The Speaker, who wanted to adjourn the proceedings, was held in his chair. Parliament passed three resolutions: 1.That they would condemn any move to change religion. 2. That they would condemn any taxation levied without Parliament's authority. 3. That any merchant who paid 'illegal' taxes betrayed the liberty of England. Charles dismissed Parliament.
March 1629	MPs Arrested	Charles arrested nine members of the Commons for offences against the state. Three were imprisoned. This action by the King made him more unpopular. The King, defended his action by stating his belief in his own divine right saying that 'Princes are not bound to give account of their actions, but to God alone.'
1632	Thomas Wentworth	Known as 'Black Tom Tyrant' by the Irish, Thomas Wentworth, Lord Deputy of Ireland, ruled Ireland with a firm hand. However, his rule alienated the planters of Ulster and antagonised the landowners of Connaught.
August 1633	Archbishop Laud	Charles appointed William Laud as Archbishop of Canterbury. Laud was known to have Catholic leanings and Charles hoped that his appointment would help to stop the rise of the  Puritans.
18 June 1633	King of Scotland	Charles was crowned King of Scotland at Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh.
1634 - 1636	Ship Money	This tax was paid by coastal towns to pay for the upkeep of the Royal Navy. In a bid to raise more money, Charles now imposed the tax on inland towns as well.
June 1638	Ship Money	John Hampden, challenged the King's right to impose such a tax but he lost the case and the court ruled that the King was the only authority that could impose such a tax.
February 1638	National Covenant and Book of Common Prayer	Charles demanded that the Book of Common Prayer be used in the Scottish Kirk. The Calvinist-dominated Scottish church resisted the move. There were riots and a National Covenant was formed which protested against any religious interference in Scotland by England. The Scottish Kirk was so incensed that it expelled the Bishops installed in Scotland by James I.
1639	Pacification of Berwick	Thomas Wentworth's had led a scratch army against the Scots but had been defeated on the border and had been forced to sign a temporary truce at Berwick. Wentworth told the King that in order to raise an efficient army he must recall Parliament. Charles, who had enjoyed his eleven years tyranny, was forced to recall Parliament.
13th April 1640	Short Parliament	The new Parliament refused to authorise any new taxes until the King agreed to abandon 'ship money'. The King said that he would only abandon ship money if Parliament would grant him enough money to re-open the war with Scotland. Parliament refused and was dismissed after three weeks.
1640	Oliver Cromwell	Oliver Cromwell was elected to Parliament for the second time. He openly criticised Charles taxes and the level of corruption in the Church of England.
Oct 1640	Scotland	Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, set out for the Scottish border with a makeshift army. However, the army mutinied and the Scots seized English land. The Scots demanded a daily rate be paid until a satisfactory treaty was put in place.
21 Oct 1640	Treaty of Ripon	This treaty between Scotland and England allowed the Scots to stay in Durham and Northumberland until a final settlement was concluded.
Nov 1640	Long Parliament	Charles had to have money to pay for an efficient army with which to defeat the Scots. However, he couldn't have the money until he agreed to Parliament's demands which included an Act which stated that parliament should meet once every five years and the arrest for treason of Strafford. Charles had no choice but to comply.
20 May 1641	Wentworth Beheaded	Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, was executed on Tower Hill.
Summer 1641	Triennial Act	This act allowed Parliament to be summoned without royal command and declared 'ship money' to be illegal.
Late Summer 1641	Revolt in Ireland	A revolt broke out in Ireland. Parliament critical of the King's handling of matters in both Ireland and Scotland, passed propositions that the Parliament and not the King should be responsible for the country's defence.
22 Oct 1641	Catholic Rebellion in Ireland	A Catholic rebellion broke out in Ulster and quickly spread across the country. Many Protestant settlers were driven from their homes and the rebellion became war.
November 1641	Grand Remonstrance	This document, put together by Pym, listed parliament's grievances against the King since his reign began.
4 Jan 1642	Charles Arrests five MPs	Charles instructed his attorney-general to issue a charge of treason against one peer and five members of the Commons including Pym and Hampden. When Parliament refused to recognise the charge, Charles sent a troop of horsemen to make the arrests. However, Parliament had been warned and the five men had fled. this move by Charles was extremely unpopular and across the country people declared themselves for Parliament and against Popery. Charles removed himself and his family from Whitehall to Hampton Court.
Jan 1642	Preparations for War	Charles sent his wife Henrietta Maria to the Continent to enlist Catholic support for his cause against Parliament. She was also to pawn the crown jewels to buy arms. Although both sides were now preparing for war, negotiations continued.
March 1642	Militia Ordinance	This allowed Parliament to take control of the Militia, virtually the only armed body in the country.
April 1642	Charles - Hull	Charles tried to secure an arsenal of equipment left in Hull from his Scottish campaign. He was blocked by Sir John Hotham, with parliamentary and naval support and was forced to retire to York. Charles made his headquarters in York.
June 1642	Nineteen Propositions	The Nineteen Propositions were issued by Parliament in the hopes of reaching a settlement with the King. They called for a new constitution recognising their own supremacy; demanded that ministers and judges should be appointed by parliament not by the King and also that all Church and military matters should come under the control of Parliament.
22 Aug 1642	Civil War - Standard raised	Charles raised his standard at Nottingham formally declaring war. However, both sides hoped that either war could be averted or that one decisive battle would put an end to the matter.
7 Sept 1642	Portsmouth falls to Parliament	The vital port and fortress of Portsmouth surrendered to Parliament.
23 Oct 1642	Battle of Edgehill	In the early afternoon, Charles sent his army down the hill to meet the Parliamentary army commanded by Essex. On the royalist right was Prince Rupert who broke Essex's left flank. In the centre, reinforcements arrived and they managed to push forward putting the lives of the King's sons, Charles and James, in danger.  The battle was a stalemate with neither side able to advance.
12, 13 Nov 1642	Small Battles	The Royalists led by Prince Rupert managed to surprise and capture Brentford. However, the following day Rupert was surprised to find his route to the city of London barred at Turnham Green by Essex and an army of some 24,000. The Royalist commander decided to retire rather than fight.
Jan 1643	Royalist Victories	The Royalists had victories over Parliament at Braddock Down and Nantwich
1643	Skirmishes and Battles	Parliament took Lichfield, Reading, Wakefield, Gainsborough, Royalists took Ripple Field, Tewkesbury, Chewton Mendip, Chalgrove Field, Landsdowne Hill, Bristol and Yorkshire. Re-took Lichfield and Gainsborough, and held Cornwall, Newark and Devises
30 June 1643	Battle of Adwalton Moor	the Royalist commander, William Cavendish decided to try and enclose the Parliamentarian army in Bradford. However, Fairfax, the Parliamentary commander decided that his army had a better chance of survival if they fought the Royalists in a battle rather than being surrounded and forced to surrender. The Royalists won the battle.
13 July 1643	Battle of Roundaway Down	The Royalists were the first to charge but there was no counter-charge. After two more charges the Parliamentary cavalry had fled. Waller then turned his attention to the Parliamentary infantry who stood firm until a force led by Hopton attacked them from behind. Caught between two Royalist armies the majority of Parliamentarian soldiers simply fled from the battlefield giving the Royalists victory.
Aug 1643	Solemn League and Covenant	This document swore to preserve the Church of Scotland and reform the religion of England and Ireland 'according to the word of God and the example of the best reformed churches' and to protect 'the rights and liberties of parliaments'. It was accepted by the English Parliament in September.
20 Sept 1643	First Battle of Newbury	Essex's force of tired wet and hungry Parliamentarians intended to rest at Newbury, a town sympathetic to the Parliamentarians. However, Rupert had arrived there first and Essex had no choice but to fight. Essex moved the Parliamentarians before daybreak and secured the 'Round Hill', just south of Newbury. The surrounding countryside was criss-crossed with lanes and hedgerows which offered excellent cover for the foot soldiers but was quite unsuitable for horse. Parliament won the battle
June 1644	Battle of Marston Moor	This was the largest single battle of the Civil War involving 45,000 men. Although the Royalists were outnumbered, they decided to fight. They were defeated by Parliament. For the first time since the Civil War had began Rupert's cavalry were beaten by a Parliamentarian cavalry charge.
27 October 1644	Second Battle of Newbury	The Royalists were sandwiched between two Parliamentary forces. Each time Parliament made some gain they were beaten back by the Royalists. The battle, which lasted all day, ended in a draw.
14th June 1645	Battle of Naseby	The Parliamentarians broke their siege on Oxford and forced the Royalists into battle. Initially the Royalists took up a defensive stance but later the order to attack was given. The battle lasted just three hours and saw the death of most of the Royalist foot soldiers. It was a decisive victory for Parliament. Charles fled the battlefield as soon as it was apparent that he had lost both the battle and the war.
6th May 1646	Surrender to the Scots	Charles I surrendered to the Scots
24th June 1646	Surrender	Oxford, Charles I's capital surrendered to Parliament
30th January 1647	Charles I Imprisoned	The Scots handed Charles over to parliament. He was imprisoned in Holdenby House, Northamptonshire
November 1647	Putney Debates	This was a series of debates held by different Parliamentarian forces to try to decide on a new constitution.
November 1647	Charles Escaped	Charles I escaped imprisonment and fled to Carisbrooke Castle, Isle of Wight
December 1648	Charles Recaptured	Charles was recaptured and sent to Windsor Castle
6th January 1649	Rump Parliament	The Rump Parliament began. All members of Parliament who were in favour of negotiating with the King had been expelled. The Rump Parliament gave parliament the right to make new Acts of Parliament without the king's approval
20th January 1649	Trial of King Charles began	King Charles was tried for treason by a High Court of Justice specially set up for the trial. The court found Charles guilty and sentenced him to death.
30 Jan 1649	Execution	King Charles I was executed by beheading, outside Whitehall Palace, London. He was buried in St George's Chapel, Windsor.

The English Civil War itself has many causes but the personality of Charles I must be counted as one of the major reasons. Few people could have predicted that the civil war, that started in 1642, would have ended with the public execution of  Charles. His most famous opponent in this war was Oliver Cromwell - one of the men who signed the death warrant of Charles. 

The English Civil War was a complicated, intellectual war between the two most powerful forces in England: Parliament and the King. Conflicts between the two powers began when King Charles I dissolved Parliament in 1625 because they would not give him the money he demanded to fund his war against Spain. Parliament, who was lead by John Pym, felt that the King was showing favoritism towards the Roman Catholics, especially since Charles had recently married the Roman Catholic French Princess. Although Charles recalled Parliament in 1626, he proceeded to dissolve the second Parliament mainly because it attempted to impeach him. John Pym, who had been prevented from being elected to the second Parliament, was re-elected into the third Parliament and was looking for revenge on King Charles. He refused to give Charles supplies for his war until certain issues such as forced loans, compulsory billeting and arbitrary imprisonment had been addressed. The King attempted to bargain with Parliament, agreeing that Parliament could no longer be dissolved and that it had to be called regularly. When the Irish rebellion broke out, Pym took the opportunity to blame Charles and his administration for the rebellion. Pym stated that the parties at fault should be dismissed and replaced with people approved by Parliament. Charles attempted to impeach Pym and others, but word of his plans leaked out and the individuals got away. This was the beginning of conflicts between Parliament and the King and although discussions between the two groups went on until March of 1641, war was inevitable. When the war began, it was clear that the King held the upper hand. However, after four years of fighting (1642 - 1646), Parliament emerged victorious, lead by Oliver Cromwell who had obtained leadership after the Marston Moor battle. Although it took more then eighteen years for the results of the civil war to settle, there were no long term effects of the war. While there were minor reforms to the system, the people, the Church and the Monarchy of England went back to living their lives relatively the same as they had before the start of the English Civil War.

Violence during the English Civil war effected hundreds of thousands of English civilians. However, "while violence killed thousands of people...the impact of the war - as a war - was surprisingly limited." Casualties during the war were high: 190 000 people died in England and 868 000, or 11.6% of the population, perished within the British Isles. This number was only a third of the amount of people who died in England during the great plague of 1570 - 1670. King Charles II was content with putting things aside and starting over again, and it seemed like the people of England were too. Although women and children lost husbands and fathers, their loses were quickly replaced by new husbands or relatives to help out. By the end of the war, most people simply wanted to get on with their lives since there was nothing that they could about the people they lost during the war. Many people forgot their differences and were found even marrying across the barriers which were created during the war. Damaged property was quickly repaired since it created jobs for civilians looking for work. Buildings were destroyed, but since the war was not as explosive as the wars we know today, they were easily rebuilt. Cities were sacked, however most were mended; citizens lost possessions, but they were easily rebought; royalists forced residents of London to cut down trees for fuel by cutting off their coal supply, but the trees grew back. It seemed like civilians were anxious to forget the wars and restore their lives to what it was before the war by returning to life as it were. A more difficult transition for the common folk of England was the re-civilization of the soldiers, but even that did not create many effects. It was a complicated procedure to merge the soldiers into society as every day working people, however since it took place at two different times; once when Cromwell was dissolving the army and once when the new Parliament was attempting to rid themselves of the army completely. Because of this, it affected both sides in different ways at different times. This process limited the war's long-term effects. The city of London literally "scratched out it's history of cooperating with Cromwell by drawing lines through the appropriate pages of it's record books." It was almost as if the people of England erased the memory of the Civil War and started their lives where they left off before the war started.
Another aspect of society which was effected during the English Civil War was the Church and religion. In a sense, religion played a role in the suspicion which arose within Parliament. It was because of a suspected favoritism towards Roman Catholics that John Pym turned against King Charles I. And because of the Irish Rebellion in which the Irish rose up against the English Protestants, Parliament felt that there was a conspiracy against English liberty in which Charles was participating. Parliament, who was composed of mainly Puritans, was fighting a war for their freedom in what they believed was a conspiracy against them. In 1645, six days before the execution of Archbishop Land, the Book of Common Prayer was abolished in favour of the Presbyterian directory of worship. This appeared to be the end of an era for the Church of England. During the Civil War, many new religions emerged. Baptists did not believe that children should be baptized, Levellers were far more radical, accepting the sacredness of private property but they demanded new laws that would protect the poor as well as the wealthy. Diggers opposed the private ownership of land and sought the abolition of wage labor. Ranters rejected the idea of Heaven, Hell and sin and thought that true salvation could be found only in drink and sex. Because England was in a state of anarchy during the war, rebels destroyed churches and cathedrals without a trace of guilt. Religious festivals, opposed by the Puritans were practiced by Anglicans in order to raise money for the church. In the 1650's, Oliver Cromwell attempted to unite all Protestants in a single-state church with outside tolerance. This idea failed since the possibility of a single all-embracing state church was impossible even before revolution. From then on, England possessed two Protestant nations as well as a Roman Catholic minority. After the Monarchy was revised and the events of the Civil war were finished, the Church of England regained it's title as the established church of the country. Once again, any other religions were not tolerated by it and the church expelled Presbyterian ministers. The Church of England had returned to it's state from before the war, almost as if the destruction of alters and cathedrals in rebellion had never happened.
The Monarchy of England was severely affected by the Civil War during the actual events of the war, however, it was restored almost back to normal after the occurrences had been resolved. Soon after Parliament's victory, King Charles I was charged on the terms that he had "personally started and waged war against Parliament". Oliver Cromwell, the leader of Parliament, took office over England in 1653 with the title "Lord Protector". He began dissolving his army soon after Parliament's victory as well as dissolving the Rump Parliament. Cromwell's government was beginning to seem familiar to many civilians as it was beginning to be run similar to the monarchy which Cromwell wanted to reform. He was making laws without the advice of Parliament as well as ignoring their authority when it came to setting taxes. Despite his decreasing popularity, Cromwell was offered the throne of England, which he refused. When Cromwell died in 1658, his son Richard Cromwell tried too hard to enforce his father's policies and the Wallingford house party, lead by Fleetwood, coaxed him down from power. However, the Wallingford house party was forced to recall the Rump Parliament, who's priorities were clearly in restoring the power of the army. Lambert, who was a Parliamentary general during the war, was recalled to help to dissolve Rump Parliament. The Royalists joined with the Presbyterians and Lambert, and together they called for an election of a new Parliament. They won their fight and sent a petition up to the rump wanting a "select senate" which would speed up the dissolution of parliament and confirm Fleetwood as Commander in Chief and Lambert as second in command. This was "the spark which started the conflagration that destroyed the commonwealth".
Unfortunately, the restoration of the Monarchy was not that simple. Monck, a general from Scotland who had been one of Cromwell's most loyal friends and companions, marched into England and demanded that Rump Parliament be recalled. Fleetwood and Lambert were obligated to follow Monck's orders and restored the Rump Parliament. Almost immediately after it was reintroduced, it turned it's forces against Fleetwood and Lambert. Lambert was captured and fearing for his own safety, Fleetwood allowed the Scottish Army to invade England with no resistance. Once Monck had established control over London, he informed the Rump Parliament that the civilians would be satisfied with nothing less than a newly elected parliament. However, the Rump Parliament still refused to give up their position. They could not hold out for that much longer and eventually, they were forced to resign. Once the Rump was dissolved, Monck had a secret meeting with Charles II, who was heir to the English throne, and his advisor. During this meeting, Monck laid out certain rules which he said that the King must oblige by. Charles, who did not agree with the terms that Monck set out, took a letter to the new Parliament explaining what Monck was doing. At the same time, Lambert escaped from his imprisonment and called a reunion of his men to try to overthrow Monck. Monck, who insisted that "all regiments of Parliament say that they will obey him without a question and abide by any decision of Parliament." was overthrown on Parliament's decision to offer Charles II the throne of England.
Eleven years after his father's execution, Charles II crossed the English channel to be crowned King of England and to mark the restoration of the English Monarchy that had been abolished during the Civil War. The first task of the reestablished Monarchy was to rid themselves of Oliver Cromwell's army. The Monarchy had full Parliamentary support to complete this task. Charles formed the 1st Regiment of foot guards and with Monck's army, the 2nd Regiment of foot guards was made. What was originally Cromwell's Regiment of horse was divided into the Duke of York's lifeguards and the Royal Horse Guards. This was the beginning of the British Regular Army. Although it was almost impossible to demolish the entire army, King Charles II did the best job that he could. Charles II was compelled to make an Act of Indemnity and Oblivion, which some criticized as "indemnity to enemies, oblivion to friends". However, this was simply a reflection of the fact that Parliament won the English Civil War and that restoration of the Monarchy was an "act of grace." Because of this, Parliament and the King made some agreements: the King could never take money from citizens without consenting with Parliament first as well as never operating outside the courts of the common law through the Star chamber- a forum for commonfolk to voice their opinions. As well, the King had complete power over military decisions and no one would have powers over the King. Despite all the chaos and disorder within the Monarchy and Parliament, "constitution and structure or society and government appeared untouched by the traumatic events." With the exception of the agreements between Parliament and the Monarchy, things were restored back to how they were before the war. The king was once again chronically short of money and depended on Parliament for money. Once again, it seemed as though the events that occurred during the English Civil War had never occurred.
While the Civil War was taking place, many issues in society went through reform. The people of England lost a lot of family members who were close to them, the Church of England was cause for a lot of rebellions as religions emerged and formed and the Monarchy was completely dissolved only to be revived again by the winners of the war- Parliament. However, once the dust had settled, there were only a few changes which had occurred in English society. Everything else was like the "clocks had been turned back to before the Civil War.": The English Civil War was different then the ones in Scotland or Ireland since there were no major long-term effects. It is believed that this is because the Civil War in England was simply a product of short-term events as well as miscalculations from the king, and not because of long-term effects building up like those in Ireland and Scotland. Although the English Civil War disrupted the entire society of England while it took place, England and it's infrastructure was almost identical only a few short years after, as it was before the war began.

Reflection questions:

1) a. What main topic does the artifact relates to? In what way?

     ans: It relates to Nationalism and Liberalism, creation of the nation-state, because it is about civil war, war within the country. 

     b. Which other main topic does it also relate to?

     ans: It doesn't relate to any other main topics.

2) Why did you choose this artifact, and how much time did you spend creating and /or processing it?

ans: I chose this artifact because i've studied about the English Civil war in my studies, it took me only 30 minutes to process it.

3) What insights and understanding have you gained from the creation and/or processing of this artifact?

ans: How easy a war can start.

4) Does this artifact reflect your best work and/or ideas? Why, or why not?

ans: I don't think it reflects my best work, because it is partilaly my past work.

5) Rate this artifact on a scale of -5 to 5 (0 is neutral) for the following four criterion.

    a. Impact on the quality of your portfolio. 0

    b. Impact on your level of enjoyment and happiness. 0

    c. Impact on your learning.0

    d. Level of creativity and Originality.0 

    ans: 0

6) Any additional comments.

ans: No comment